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Outer Manchuria
Outer Manchuria (known as "外滿洲" in Chinese; Приаму́рье ''Priamurye'' in Russian)〔Now ''Priamurye'' usually refers to a narrower region of Amur Oblast and parts of Khabarovsk Krai.〕 is an unofficial term for a territory in Northeast Asia, which was formerly controlled by the Qing dynasty and now belonging to Russia. It is considered part of Manchuria by some of its definitions. Russia officially received this territory by way of the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860. The northern part of the area was also in dispute between 1643 and 1689. The area comprises the present-day Russian areas of Primorsky Krai, southern Khabarovsk Krai, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and Amur Oblast. Another Chinese claim also adds the island of Sakhalin. Currently, the People's Republic of China has no claim to this territory.
According to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, the China–Russia border was the Stanovoy Mountains and the Argun River, which established Outer Manchuria as a part of Qing dynasty China. After losing the Opium War, a series of treaties were forced upon the Qing dynasty that gave away land and ports to the European powers; these were known as the Unequal Treaties. Starting with the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860, the Sino–Russian border was realigned in Russia's favor on the Amur and Ussuri rivers. As a result, China lost Outer Manchuria, as well as access to the Sea of Japan.
==Name==
The term "Outer Manchuria" and its counterpart "Inner Manchuria", by analogy of Outer and Inner Mongolia, was invented to prove Chinese claims to Russian territory and never used in scientific literature. Commonly accepted terms are "Manchuria" for the area now belonging to People's Republic of China, with "Northern Manchuria" and "Southern Manchuria" as its parts. The critics of this analogy, however, suggest though Mongols under the Qing Empire were a recognized ethnic group, 'Manchus' were an ethnic group constructed by Nurhaci in the early 17th century, mainly for the purposes of military conquest in China; according to this view, there were no Manchus north of the Nen River and the Songhua River, so that region cannot properly be called "Outer Manchuria" and the term from this perspective is considered to be a neologism. However, the native population of Outer Manchuria were southern Tungus speakers, closely related to the Manchu and certainly no more different from them nor each other than the differences found between the various Mongol groups, The only exception was the non-Tungus Gilyak (Nivkh) who inhabit the lowest reaches of the Amur and the island of Sakhalin.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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